REVIEW PAPER
Enterococcus faecalis as a cause of infective endocarditis – systematic review of case reports
1
Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Submission date: 2023-09-01
Acceptance date: 2023-12-25
Publication date: 2024-06-29
Corresponding author
Filip Bielec
Dr Filip Bielec Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology Medical University of Lodz Lodz, Poland
Dr Filip Bielec Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology Medical University of Lodz Lodz, Poland
Medical Studies 2024;40(2):216-224
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Enterococcus bacteria account for nearly 10% of infective endocarditis (IE), making it the fifth most common cause. Many cases of enterococcal IE have been described.
Aim of the research:
To systematically review these case reports and try to find common features characterising IE caused by Enterococcus faecalis.
Methods:
In December 2022, the PubMed, EBSCO, and OVID databases were searched. The final analysis included 28 publications yielding data on E. faecalis IE, taken from 89 reported cases.
Results and conclusions:
The systematic review revealed an enhanced mortality rate due to multiple organ failure in patients with prosthetic valves and numerous comorbidities. The presence of an artificial valve was associated with an atypical course of E. faecalis IE. This was similar in patients who had a history of cancer. Moreover, it was observed that E. faecalis IE in people < 60 years old was mostly associated with either an atypical presentation or another disease manifestation.
Enterococcus bacteria account for nearly 10% of infective endocarditis (IE), making it the fifth most common cause. Many cases of enterococcal IE have been described.
Aim of the research:
To systematically review these case reports and try to find common features characterising IE caused by Enterococcus faecalis.
Methods:
In December 2022, the PubMed, EBSCO, and OVID databases were searched. The final analysis included 28 publications yielding data on E. faecalis IE, taken from 89 reported cases.
Results and conclusions:
The systematic review revealed an enhanced mortality rate due to multiple organ failure in patients with prosthetic valves and numerous comorbidities. The presence of an artificial valve was associated with an atypical course of E. faecalis IE. This was similar in patients who had a history of cancer. Moreover, it was observed that E. faecalis IE in people < 60 years old was mostly associated with either an atypical presentation or another disease manifestation.
REFERENCES (62)
1.
Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Mar; 10(4): 266-278.
2.
Schleifer KH, Kilpper-Bälz R. Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1984 Jan; 34: 31-34.
3.
García-Solache M, Rice LB. The Enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019 Jan; 32(2): e00058-18.
4.
Telford JL, Barocchi MA, Margarit I, Rappuoli R, Grandi G. Pili in Gram-positive pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 Jul; 4(7): 509-519.
5.
Nallapareddy SR, Singh KV, Sillanpää J, Garsin DA, Höök M, Erlandsen SL, Murray BE. Endocarditis and biofilm-associated pili of Enterococcus faecalis. J Clin Invest. 2006 Oct; 116(10): 2799-2807.
6.
Ali L, Goraya MU, Arafat Y, Ajmal M, Chen JL, Yu D. Molecular mechanism of quorum-sensing in enterococcus faecalis: its role in virulence and therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 May; 18(5): 960.
7.
Arias CA, Contreras GA, Murray BE. Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Jun; 16(6): 555-562.
8.
Murray BE. The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990 Jan; 3(1): 46-65.
9.
Florescu I, Beuran M, Dimov R, Razbadauskas A, Bo- chan M, Fichev G, Dukart G, Babinchak T, Cooper CA, Ellis-Grosse EJ, Dartois N, Gandjini H; 307 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline compared with vancomycin or linezolid for treatment of serious infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a Phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Sep; 62 Suppl 1: i17-i28.
10.
Roberts MC. Epidemiology of tetracycline-resistance determinants. Trends Microbiol. 1994 Oct; 2(10): 353-357.
11.
Van Tyne D, Gilmore MS. Friend turned foe: evolution of enterococcal virulence and antibiotic resistance. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2014 Apr; 68: 337-356.
12.
Wang A, Gaca JG, Chu VH. Management considerations in infective endocarditis: a review. JAMA. 2018 Jul; 320(1): 72-83.
13.
Rajani R, Klein JL. Infective endocarditis: a contemporary update. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Jan; 20(1): 31-35.
14.
Cahill TJ, Baddour LM, Habib G, Hoen B, Salaun E, Pettersson GB, Schäfers HJ, Prendergast BD. Challenges in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jan; 69(3): 325-344.
15.
Cahill TJ, Prendergast BD. Infective endocarditis. Lancet. 2016 Feb; 387(10021): 882-893.
16.
Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miró JM, Fowler Jr VG, Bayer AS, Karchmer AW, Olaison L, Pappas PA, Moreil- lon P, Chambers ST, Chu VH, Falcó V, Holland DJ, Jones P, Klein JL, Raymond NJ, Read KM, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Wang A, Woods CW, Cabell CH; International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Mar; 169(5): 463-473.
17.
Dahl A, Bruun NE. Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis: focus on clinical aspects. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013 Sep; 11(9): 1247-1257.
18.
Liesman RM, Pritt BS, Maleszewski JJ, Patel R. Laboratory diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 Sep; 55(9): 2599-2608.
19.
Apolinário P, Campos I, Oliveira C, Silva C, Arantes C, Martins J, Salgado A, Salomé N, Rodrigues C, Medeiros P, Pinho JB, Marques J, Vieira C. Infective endocarditis: epidemiology and prognosis. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022 Apr; 41(4): 283-294.
20.
Vallejo FAG. Epidemiology of Infective Endocarditis. Contemporary Challenges in Endocarditis. InTech 2016.
21.
Selton-Suty C, Célard M, Le Moing V, Doco-Lecompte T, Chirouze C, Iung B, Strady C, Revest M, Vandenesch F, Bouvet A, Delahaye F, Alla F, Duval X, Hoen B; AEPEI Study Group. Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-based survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May; 54(9): 1230-1239.
22.
Toyoda N, Chikwe J, Itagaki S, Gelijns AC, Adams DH, Egorova NN. Trends in infective endocarditis in California and New York State, 1998-2013. JAMA. 2017 Apr; 317(16): 1652-1660.
23.
Hubers SA, DeSimone DC, Gersh BJ, Anavekar NS. Infective endocarditis: a contemporary review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 May; 95(5): 982-997.
24.
Fernández-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Tornos P, Pigrau C, Sambola A, Igual A, Pahissa A. Contemporary epidemiology and prognosis of health care-associated infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Nov; 47(10): 1287-1297.
25.
Silverman ME, Upshaw CB Jr. Extracardiac manifestations of infective endocarditis and their historical descriptions. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Dec; 100(12): 1802-1807.
26.
Servy A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Alla F, Lechiche C, Nazeyrollas P, Chidiac C, Hoen B, Chosidow O, Duval X; Association Pour l’Etude et la Prévention de l’Endocardite Infectieuse Study Group. Prognostic value of skin manifestations of infective endocarditis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014 May; 150(5): 494-500.
27.
Fernández Guerrero ML, Goyenechea A, Verdejo C, Roblas RF, de Górgolas M. Enterococcal endocarditis on native and prosthetic valves: a review of clinical and prognostic factors with emphasis on hospital-acquired infections as a major determinant of outcome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007 Nov; 86(6): 363-377.
28.
Herzstein J, Ryan JL, Mangi RJ, Greco TP, Andriole VT. Optimal therapy for enterococcal endocarditis. Am J Med. 1984 Feb; 76(2): 186-191.
29.
Rice LB, Calderwood SB, Eliopoulos GM, Farber BF, Karchmer AW. Enterococcal endocarditis: a comparison of prosthetic and native valve disease. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Jan-Feb; 13(1): 1-7.
30.
Fernández-Hidalgo N, Escolà-Vergé L, Pericàs JM. Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis: what’s next? Future Microbiol. 2020 Mar; 15: 349-364.
31.
Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler Jr VG, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Apr; 30(4): 633-638.
32.
Prendergast BD. Diagnostic criteria and problems in infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004 Jun; 90(6): 611-613.
33.
Pérez-Vázquez A, Farińas MC, García-Palomo JD, Bernal JM, Revuelta JM, González-Macías J. Evaluation of the Duke criteria in 93 episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis: could sensitivity be improved? Arch Intern Med. 2000 Apr; 160(8): 1185-1191.
34.
Yamashita S, Tago M, Katsuki NE, Ajimi T, Nagatomo D, Kotooka N, Node K, Yamashita SI. Acute mitral regurgitation of unknown etiology associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation eventually diagnosed as Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis by mitral valve surgery. Am J Case Rep. 2018 Dec; 19: 1467-1473.
35.
Yamashita S, Tago M, Katsuki NE, Ajimi T, Nagatomo D, Kotooka N, Node K, Yamashita SI. Acute mitral regurgitation of unknown etiology associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation eventually diagnosed as Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis by mitral valve surgery. Am J Case Rep. 2018 Dec; 19: 1467-1473.
36.
Akram A, Ibe U, Kazi A. A twisting tale of infective endocarditis. Cureus. 2019 Nov; 11(11): e6116.
37.
Morita M, Tomioka H. Infective endocarditis presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: a case report. Respir Med Case Rep. 2019; 28: 100931.
38.
Tamura M, Shoji M, Fujita K, Nakamura S, Takahashi Y, Suzuki Y, Asakura M, Kimizuka S, Sasaki M, Sugawara K. Postpartum infective endocarditis with Enterococcus faecalis in Japan: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017 Nov; 11(1): 324.
39.
Andrews J, Borooah S. Endocarditis and monocular blindness. BMJ Case Rep. 2016 Oct; 2016: bcr2016217345.
40.
Tracy SI, Brown SA, Ratelle JT, Bhagra A. Rare case of simultaneous enterococcal endocarditis and prosthetic joint infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2016 May; 2016: bcr2016214369.
41.
Dyal HK, Sehgal R. The catastrophic journey of a retained temporary epicardial pacemaker wire leading to Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis and subsequent stroke. BMJ Case Rep. 2015 Jan; 2015: bcr2014206215.
42.
Agrawal A, Amor MM, Iyer D, Parikh M, Cohen M. Aortico-left atrial fistula: a rare complication of bioprosthetic aortic valve endocarditis secondary to Enterococcus faecalis. Case Rep Cardiol. 2015; 2015: 473246.
43.
Lodge F, Conway N, Waterfield N. Conservative management of a ruptured mycotic aneurysm. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 May; 2013: bcr2013008579.
44.
Nishanth KR, Seshadri S, Pandit V, Krishnanand N. Isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis in a patient with aplastic anaemia. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Mar; 2013: bcr2013008769.
45.
Barra S, Semedo F, Providencia R, Pinto C. Thirteen square centimetre mass causing syncope in a patient with device related infective endocarditis. BMJ Case Rep. 2011 Dec; 2011: bcr1020114943.
46.
Kalavakunta JK, Shumway P, Nichols W, Gupta V. An unusual case of endocarditis- a rare occurrence with unique etiology. Am Heart Hosp J. 2010 Winter; 8(2): E128-E129.
47.
Wilczynska M, Khoo JP, McCann GP. Unusual extracardiac manifestations of isolated native tricuspid valve endocarditis. BMJ Case Rep. 2010 Nov; 2010: bcr1120092502.
48.
Zhang L, Nguyen J, Epelman S, Prichett A, Dokainish H. Enterococcal endocarditis presenting as an isolated aortic valve aneurysm: case report and review of literature. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008 Dec; 21(12): 1391.e5-6.
49.
Milbrandt E. A novel source of enterococcal endocarditis. Clin Cardiol. 1998 Feb; 21(2): 123-126.
50.
Ioannou P, Tsagkaraki E, Vamvoukaki R, Kouvidou C, Krasagakis K, Chamilos G, Gikas A. Infective endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis manifesting as pemphigus foliaceus. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2019 May-Jun; 60(3): 202-204.
51.
Seby R, Kim C, Khreis M, Khreis K. Enterococcus faecalis-induced infective endocarditis: an unusual source of infection and a rare clinical presentation. J Int Med Res. 2022 Jul; 50(7): 3000605221112019.
52.
Bourlond B, Pierre-Henri G, Voide C, Martinez JJG. When Enterococcus faecalis becomes a murderer. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 2022 Jun; 71(3): 181-186.
53.
Jagadish PS, Bob-Manuel T, Simmons T, Marella HK, Kelly J, Ibebuogu UN. What is causing this patient’s cyclical fever? JAAPA. 2019 Nov; 32(11): 53-55.
54.
Buggey J, Hoit BD. A case of prosthetic aortic valve dehiscence due to infective endocarditis without paravalvular regurgitation. Echocardiography. 2019 Jul; 36(7): 1409-1412.
55.
Reza AS, Anand D, Cheng SH, Anand D. Rare cause for a common presentation: isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis yet another mimicker. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Jul; 2018: bcr2018224703.
56.
Labbé BM, Harvey-Michaud PL, Lafleur A. A 59-year-old man with persistent fever, aphasia and leg pain. CMAJ. 2021 Apr; 193(15): E517-E520.
57.
Freitas AA, Elvas L, Silva R, Gonçalves L, Ferreira MJ. 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of cardiac device-related infective endocarditis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021 Dec; 28(6): 3093-3095.
58.
Hawes AM, Chou C, Co I. An 80-year-old man with persistent Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia. Chest. 2021 Jun; 159(6): e377-e380.
59.
Distefano M, Calandrelli R, Arena V, Pedicelli A, Della Marca G, Pilato F. A puzzling case of cryptogenic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019 Apr; 28(4): e33-e35.
60.
Okazaki A, Oyama Y, Hosokawa N, Ban H, Miyaji Y, Moody S. The first report of calcified amorphous tumor associated with infective endocarditis: a case report and review of literature. Am J Case Rep. 2020 May; 21: e922960.
61.
Woldendorp K, Selvaraj CN, Bannon PG, Dubenec S. Simultaneous Enterococcus faecalis mitral valve endocarditis, mycotic aortoiliac, and intracranial aneurysms: a surgical dilemma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019 May; 157(5): e223-e225.
62.
Beganovic M, Luther MK, Rice LB, Arias CA, Rybak MJ, LaPlante KL. A review of combination antimicrobial therapy for Enterococcus faecalis bloodstream infections and infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jul; 67(2): 303-309.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2300-6722 |
| ISSN: | 1899-1874 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
